1. What is Power Factor in Single Phase Systems?

Definition: Power factor is the ratio of real power (kW) to apparent power (kVA) in an AC electrical system.

Purpose: It measures how effectively electrical power is being used, with 1.0 being perfect efficiency.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the formula:

Where:

• \( PF \) — Power factor (unitless, between 0 and 1)
• \( P_{kW} \) — Real power (kilowatts)
• \( V \) — Voltage (volts)
• \( I \) — Current (amps)

Explanation: The real power is divided by the apparent power (voltage × current converted to kW) to determine the power factor.

3. Importance of Power Factor

Details: A low power factor indicates poor electrical efficiency, which can lead to higher utility costs and overloaded circuits.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the real power in kW, system voltage (default 120V for US residential), and current in amps. All values must be > 0.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is a good power factor?
A: Typically 0.95 or higher is considered good. Below 0.85 may incur penalties from utilities.

Q2: Why does power factor matter?
A: Low power factor means you're drawing more current than necessary, increasing energy costs and reducing system capacity.

Q3: How can I improve power factor?
A: Add power factor correction capacitors, reduce reactive loads, or balance phases in three-phase systems.

Q4: What causes low power factor?
A: Inductive loads like motors, transformers, and fluorescent lighting that create reactive power.

Q5: Is power factor different for three-phase systems?
A: The concept is similar but the calculation includes a √3 factor for three-phase power.